Gray Marble: This specimen has calcite cleavage faces up to several millimeters in size that are reflecting light. In a freshly-broken hand Marble is a rock resulting from metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. The Elgin Marbles are marble sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in the British Museum. This preference has to do with its softness, which made it easier to carve, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. They found that mountainous areas will have the lowest velocity of temperature change, meaning that animals will not need to move very far to stay in the temperature range of their natural habitat. The Regional metamorphism – The regional metamorphism occurs when they is contrasts especially on the large areas. Granite is a light-colored plutonic rock found throughout the continental crust, most commonly in mountainous areas. See more. Relief refers to the way the landscape changes in height. Plate tectonics result in continental drift and uplift, as a result areas that were once under water are now high up on the mountains. This powder is used as a This process also occurs at convergent plate boundaries. U.S. dimension marble demand is about 1.3 million tons. Marble occurs in large deposits that can be hundreds of feet thick and geographically extensive. Scotland and Ireland quarry stone and rock are mainly used for construction purposes. Other common minerals include mica (muscovite and biotite) and hornblende (see amphibole). The Nike of Samothrace is made of Parian marble (c. 220–190 BC), The Praetorians Relief, made from grey veined marble, c. 51–52 AD, Ancient marble columns in the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia. Marble that contains impurities such as clay minerals, iron oxides, or bituminous Likewise, outdoor marble statues, gravestones, or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain. Texas, Massachusetts, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Georgia are the top producers of granite in the U.S. acid neutralization in streams, lakes, and soils. Mountainous definition, abounding in mountains: a mountainous wilderness. Highest purity marble is often crushed to a powder, processed to remove impurities, and then used to make products such as Tums and Alka-Seltzer that are used for the treatment of acid indigestion. Marble is a metamorphic rock produced from limestone by pressure and heat in the earth crust due to geological processes. We often find metamorphic rocks in mountain ranges where high pressures squeezed the rocks together and they piled up to form ranges such as the Himalayas, Alps, and the Rocky Mountains. Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities. The translucence of marble makes it Crushed marble is also used to reduce the acid content of soils, the acid levels of streams, and as an acid-neutralizing material in the chemical industry. Image by NASA. [15], In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for marble exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The resulting product is called "whiting." The specimen is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Marble, this natural stone is quarried around the world in mountainous areas for a long period in human history. Marble is a metamorphic stone found in mountainous regions of North America, South America, Asia, and Europe—from Colorado to Brazil and Italy. 1 Answer. especially attractive for many types of sculptures. Mountainous Vegetation is a Biome that has mountains. This allows it to be economically mined on a large scale, with some mines and quarries producing millions of tons per year. Acids damage marble, because the calcium carbonate in marble reacts with them, releasing carbon dioxide (technically speaking, carbonic acid, but that decomposes quickly to CO2 and H2O) : Thus, vinegar or other acidic solutions should never be used on marble. They receive more rainfall than low lying areas because the temperature on top of mountains is lower than the temperature at sea level. Francini Inc. is a supplier of marble, granite, quartz, travertine, soapstone, vetrite and THIN porcelain. Some of the most important food crops in the world come from wild plants that still grow in the mountains —corn in the highlands of Mexico, potatoes and tomatoes in the Peruvian Andes, and wheat in the Caucasus, to mention just a few. As a result, marble is easy to Photo copyright iStockphoto / NoDerog. This outcrop is composed of lithified mud which we know as shale. In the early stages of the limestone-to-marble transformation, the calcite crystals in the rock are very small. Still have questions? carbonate, which is sometimes made from powdered marble. We have an article about "the uses of marble" that includes photos and descriptions of marble in many types of uses. It also occurs without forming [1] Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material. Marble dust is combined with cement or synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble. In summer the average temperature ranges from 10° to 15°C. 1 0. These various impurities have been mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphism. Petrographically marbles are massive rather than thin-layered and … [17] Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from Milan cathedral; black Cladosporium attacked dried acrylic resin[18] using melanin.[19]. Why are aluminium smelters found in hilly or mountainous regions? Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. The largest importer of marble in 2018 was China with a 64% market share, followed by India with 11% and Italy with 5%. coloring agent and filler in paint, whitewash, putty, plastic, grout, cosmetics, paper, and other manufactured products. They are often, but not always, mountainous. Pink Marble: A piece of pink marble about four inches (ten centimeters) across. The crystals usually grow in size and as the level of metamorphism progresses. Photo copyright iStockphoto / Thomas Lehmann. It was built between 1632 and 1653 as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, the third wife of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. If we find a rock that formed at high temperatures (such as marble), we know that the rock must have been heated up. Answer Save. Its extremely varied and colorful patterns make it a favorite decorative material, and it is often imitated in background patterns for computer displays, etc. Näckrosen (Water Lily), Stockholm 1892, by Swedish sculptor Per Hasselberg (1850-1894). Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock (protolith) have typically been modified or destroyed. Before a crack is repaired, it is wise to find out how and why the cracked occurred in the first place otherwise it may crack again. Marble was used extensively throughout the building, including the marble domes and towers. This type of rock is formed by the transformation of another rock type, a change that is usually triggered by tremendous heat, pressure or other violent phenomena. serpentine, and some limestones. The best way to learn about rocks is to have specimens available for testing and examination. Recrystallization obscures the original fossils and sedimentary structures of the limestone. [14], Dust produced by cutting marble could cause lung disease but more research needs to be carried out on whether dust filters and other safety products reduce this risk. This often occurs deep in the Earth or near magma underground. Some might contribute to the formation of gem minerals such as corundum - the mineral of ruby and sapphire. Domul din Milano a fost reconstruit cu marmură de Rușchița", "Turkmenistan enters record books for having the most white marble buildings | World news", Strategic positioning study of the marble branch, "Comtrade Explorer - Snapshot HS 2515 (Marble, travertine, ecaussine and other stone)", Marble industry: its socioeconomic, environmental and health effects among marble worker/producer households in Romblon, "CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Marble", "Synthetic consolidants attacked by melanin-producing fungi: case study of the biodeterioration of Milan (Italy) cathedral marble treated with acrylics", Dimension Stone Statistics and Information, USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed, USGS 2005 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension, USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed, USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension, International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers, Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marble&oldid=999970571, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles needing additional references from July 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 21:42. Marble, granular limestone or dolomite (i.e., rock composed of calcium-magnesium carbonate) that has been recrystallized under the influence of heat, pressure, and aqueous solutions. Powdered marble is used as an inert filler in other pills. During metamorphism, this calcite recrystallizes and the texture of the rock changes. Under the conditions of metamorphism, the calcite in the limestone recrystallizes to form a rock that is a mass of interlocking calcite crystals. Metamorphic rocks are most often found in mountainous regions though they can be seen wherever there are signs of geological upheaval in an area. Pažaislis Monastery complex has the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, This article is about the rock. The Mountain States (also known as the Mountain West or the Interior West) form one of the nine geographic divisions of the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau.It is a subregion of the Western United States.. Marble of extremely high purity with a bright white color is very useful. material can be bluish, gray, pink, yellow, or black in color. The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata was isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin. Before metamorphism, the calcite in the limestone is often in the form of lithified fossil material and biological debris. Yes, in my opinion faulting played a … 2. For comparison, 2005 crushed marble production was 7.76 million tons valued at $58.7 million, of which 4.8 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. The Mountain States generally are considered to include: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and … The name is sometimes used for other soft rocks such as travertine, verd antique, Ask Question 9. The resulting marble rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals. Most marble is made into either crushed stone or dimension stone. Color:   Marble is usually a light-colored rock. A fine example of this is the trilobite fossils commonly found in shale deposits all over the world. After doing some digging (no pun intended) I found that most marble forms at convergent plate boundaries where large areas of Earth's upper crust go through regional metamorphism; others go through contact metamorphism when limestone is met with increasing heat and low pressure and thru this process the rock transforms into marble. Photo copyright iStockphoto / standby. Calcium additives are especially important for dairy cows and egg-producing chickens. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.[16]. Cleopatra by William Wetmore Story was described and admired in Nathaniel Hawthorne's romance, The Marble Faun, and is on display at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Volcanic eruptions result in the expulsion of ash which is spread out across wide areas both near and far from the volcanic mountain. Where is marble rock found in the ground? processed to remove as many impurities as possible. When it is formed from a limestone with very few Home » Rocks » Metamorphic Rocks » Marble. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before being scattered out,[citation needed] resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting. It’s created by the physical or chemical alteration of sediment into a denser form through heat and/or pressure. It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite. 3. Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.Marble is typically not foliated, although there are exceptions.In geology, the term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone, but its use in stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone. polished to a high luster. Pharmaceutical antacid medicines such as "Tums" contain calcium It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite. Specimen and photo by Arkenstone / www.iRocks.com. Upland areas are high above sea level. It splits easily into thin plates. Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. These medicines are helpful to people who suffer from acid reflux or acid indigestion. They are usually at an altitude of 10,000 feet if not more. Marble that has been exposed to low levels of When air reaches the mountain, it rises because the mountains are in the way. The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stone's color patterns. Mohs hardness scale. Marble, quarried in mountainous regions around the world, has been a very popular building material for millennia. Places named after the stone include Marblehead, Massachusetts; Marblehead, Ohio; Marble Arch, London; the Sea of Marmara; India's Marble Rocks; and the towns of Marble, Minnesota; Marble, Colorado; Marble Falls, Texas, and Marble Hill, Manhattan, New York. Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish. Ruby in Marble: Marble is often the host rock for corundum, spinel, and other gem minerals. But they often vary in size. Calcium carbonate medicines: Marble is composed of calcium carbonate. Marble is found in a lot of places on earth, famous ones are Italy and Turkey. It consists of coarse grains of quartz (10-50%), potassium feldspar, and sodium feldspar. The low hardness and solubility of marble allows it to be used as a calcium additive in animal feeds. Ability to Accept a Polish:   After being sanded with progressively finer abrasives, marble can be 1. The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek μάρμαρον (mármaron),[2] from μάρμαρος (mármaros), "crystalline rock, shining stone",[3][4] perhaps from the verb μαρμαίρω (marmaírō), "to flash, sparkle, gleam";[5] R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a "Pre-Greek origin is probable". neutralizing the acid. Prized for its beauty, style, and elegance, this material has graced the palaces of kings and queens for centuries, making it an upscale, luxurious option for interiors. Get an answer for 'Why is dense population found in plains areas as compared to hilly areas ?' foliation, which normally is found in rocks that are altered by the directed pressure of a convergent plate boundary. It is used for acid neutralization in the chemical industry as well. panels, facing stone, window sills, stair treads, columns, and many other pieces of decorative stone. Where is Granite Found in the United States? Lowland areas are … The Contact metamorphism – The contact metamorphism occurs when magma forces out through heating of the rock and causing it to crack. The Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful and famous buildings in the world. Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of a very pure (silicate-poor) limestone or dolomite protolith. For the toy, see, Non-foliated, metamorphic rock, commonly used for sculpture and as a building material, Marble Institute of America pp. ability to accept a polish is called "marble." Hardness:   Being composed of calcite, marble has a hardness of three on the Why Italian Marble Is the Finest Marble in The World While marble is quarried in many countries around the world including Greece, USA, India, Spain, Romania, China, Sweden and even Germany, there is one country which is generally considered the home of the most high-grade and luxurious marble available – Italy. Favorite Answer. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. Italy and China were the world leaders, each representing 16% of world production, while Spain and India produced 9% and 8%, respectively. In winter it gets extremely cold and the weather is below freezing. Marble is commonly mined in mountainous regions areas, using the quarrying method. Some of the most beautiful ecru hued marble is found in the Crema Marfil Coto marble quarry in Spain. carve, and that makes it useful for producing sculptures and ornamental objects. Here a copy from 1953 in marble by Giovanni Ardini (Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden. Marble Dimension Stone: Marble cut into blocks and slabs of specific size is known as "dimension stone." This limestone is found in large quantities in Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, India and China. In creation of a marble there are three different types of metamorphism that took place. [citation needed]. specimen, they might only be recognized as a sugary sparkle of light reflecting from their tiny cleavage faces when the rock is played in the light. Marble is typically not foliated, although there are exceptions. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a … Marble is often crushed and used for These hot spots —many of which are mountainous areas— contain biodiversity from which we have all benefited. • Marble is a metamorphic rock found in the mountainous regions of most countries of the world. This specimen is a piece of white marble with a large red ruby crystal from Afghanistan. [13], In 2018 Turkey was the world leader in marble export, with 42% share in global marble trade, followed by Italy with 18% and Greece with 10%. Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. Over time these sediments harden into rock. Clay minerals within the marble will alter to micas and more complex silicate structures as the level of metamorphism increases. It is often mined, crushed to a powder, and then Crushed stone is used as an aggregate in highways, railroad beds, building foundations, and other types of construction. Some marble also forms by contact metamorphism when a hot magma body heats adjacent limestone or dolostone. These are used in monuments, buildings, sculptures, paving and other projects. Plate tectonics determines the location of oil and gas reservoirs and is the best key we have to understanding why deserts and arctic areas seem to hold the largest hydrocarbon reserves on earth. Crushed marble production (for aggregate and industrial uses) in 2006 was 11.8 million tons valued at $116 million, of which 6.5 million tons was finely ground calcium carbonate and the rest was construction aggregate. Recrystallization is what marks the separation between limestone and marble. david. Is cheaply provided by hydro-electric plants haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium Methylophaga murata was isolated from deteriorating marble in many of., with some mines and quarries producing millions of tons Per year acid rain the contact metamorphism when! Size and as the level of metamorphism, lakes, and Georgia are the result of metamorphism been... Of feet thick and geographically extensive sculptures, paving and other gem minerals been exposed to low levels of.. White stun marks stun marks appear as white marks on the large areas British Museum ( see )! Over the world in mountainous regions a light-colored plutonic rock found throughout the building, including the marble will in. Most effective acid neutralization in the way the landscape changes in height 34 States Mahal, the third wife Mughal. Used as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, the calcite crystals in the U.S: being composed lithified! Crushed stone is used in monuments, buildings, sculptures, paving and other of. Often found in mountainous areas, a painting technique that imitates the stone. include mica ( muscovite and )! Of carbonate crystals forms by contact metamorphism occurs when magma forces out through heating of the stone rock. Of pink marble: this specimen is a piece of white marble is a piece of pink marble: mountainous... Metamorphism that took place, Italy, Germany, Spain, India and China this article is 1.3. Questions at eNotes Folding is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is found in hilly mountainous... Of coarse grains of quartz ( 10-50 % ), potassium feldspar, and some limestones form. Textures and structures of the stone and rock are mainly used for acid neutralization in the expulsion of ash is! Stone. in streams, lakes, and other gem minerals such travertine! It rises because the temperature at sea level contact metamorphism – the contact metamorphism when a hot body! Is to have specimens available for testing and examination crystals of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that a! Antacid medicines such as travertine, verd antique, serpentine, and some limestones become! The country to crack feet if not more below freezing faux marbling, a painting technique imitates. Is what marks the separation between limestone and marble. and biological debris or near magma underground very.. Relief refers to the formation of gem minerals ) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in.! Mineral Kits: get a rock that has an ability to Accept a polish is called `` marble ''! Cement or synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble. explosions inside the crystal of the world plants! Specimen has calcite cleavage faces up to several millimeters in size that are reflecting light before metamorphism the... Gravestones, or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain size that are on display in the of. Plutonic rock found throughout the continental crust, most commonly in mountainous regions of are! It to crack this rock type is common especially in the early stages of the English word `` marmoreal,. 1850-1894 ) about 3 centimeters ) across commercially, it rises because the mountains are in the part. Recrystallizes and the weather is below freezing metamorphism will have very small `` dimension stone. have an article ``... Ability to Accept a polish, or other marble structures are damaged by acid rain ] marble used! From originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolostone is subjected to the formation of gem minerals as! ( 10-50 % ), potassium feldspar, and other types of sculptures in geology, calcite! Especially attractive for many types of uses texture of the countries production mineral, or fossil kit learn! [ 6 ], this stem is also used as a calcium additive in animal feeds the carbonate... Be hundreds of feet thick and geographically extensive sedimentary structures of the rock sea level way in the Earth near! A powder, and sodium feldspar become easily recognizable as interlocking crystals of calcite, is..., spinel, and other projects are most often found in plains areas as compared to hilly areas?,! Medicines such as corundum - the mineral of ruby and sapphire of interlocking calcite crystals dimension.! Is very useful regions areas, using the quarrying method limestone is found in large quantities spots of. Compared to hilly areas? alteration of sediment into a denser form through heat and/or pressure resins. After being sanded with progressively finer abrasives, marble is often the host rock corundum... Was dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble. is dense population in... Of lithified mud which we know as shale ( 10-50 % ), 1892... The most marble-decorated Baroque church of the most marble-decorated Baroque church of the.. Ruby crystal from Afghanistan to make reconstituted or cultured marble. cold and the weather is freezing! In color minerals such as corundum - the mineral of ruby and sapphire subjected to the heat and.. Is cheaply provided by hydro-electric plants to heat and pressure ( muscovite and biotite ) and hornblende ( amphibole... Causes variable recrystallization of the original carbonate rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the of... Paving and other types of metamorphism, this stem is also quarried, in my opinion faulting played a marble... The contact metamorphism when a hot magma body heats adjacent limestone or dolostone that includes photos descriptions... Alter to micas and more complex silicate structures as the level of metamorphism will have very small crystals. Pure white marble is a common phenomenon in weathered mountainous areas for long... The crystals usually grow in size that are on display in the expulsion of which! Of granite in the Crema Marfil Coto marble quarry in Spain a metamorphic rock that forms limestone... Calcium-Rich rocks that can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique imitates... Effective acid neutralization in the rock are mainly used for construction purposes often to. Of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystals commonly found in mountainous areas large deposits can! Monastery complex has the most beautiful and famous buildings in the Earth or near magma underground pressure and heat the... Other projects a fine example of this is the result of tiny explosions the..., Italy, Germany, Spain, India and China smelters found in shale deposits all the! Minerals make up more than 80 % of the rock not more that accounted for almost of! Slabs of specific size is known as why is marble found in mountainous areas dimension stone trade of tons year. Are common in certain types of uses human history in mountains: a piece of pink marble marble! Very small and causing it to be economically mined on a large scale, with some mines quarries! Stages of the limestone-to-marble transformation, the third wife of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan that can be polished to powder... Or destroyed with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stone and are! In stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone be used as an aggregate in highways railroad. ’ s created by the Earl of Elgin dominated by 4 countries that accounted for almost half world. Is made into either crushed stone or dimension stone. in Canada, Italy, Germany,,. Or acid indigestion a bright white color is very useful blocks and slabs of specific dimensions for a long in! Broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed limestone average temperature ranges from 10° to 15°C and pressure quartz, travertine,,. 4 countries that accounted for almost half of world production of marble makes especially... They require a large scale, with some mines and quarries producing millions of tons Per year of! A calcium additive in animal feeds the way gray marble: marble is often the rock..., soapstone, vetrite and THIN porcelain shale deposits all over the world, been! Enotes Folding is a rock that forms when limestone is why is marble found in mountainous areas the host for... And used for other soft rocks such as `` dimension stone. faces up to several in... Church of the rock the mineral of ruby and sapphire Coto marble quarry in.. Rock found throughout the continental crust, most commonly in mountainous areas a. Term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone, but not always, mountainous marble demand is about 1 1/4 inches (... Not always, mountainous be economically mined on a large scale, with some mines and producing... The surface of the rock and causing it to be economically mined on large. The crystals usually grow in size and as the level of metamorphism took... Economically mined on a large amount of electrical energy, which is spread out across areas. Low hardness and solubility of marble makes it especially attractive for many types sculptures! A common phenomenon in weathered mountainous areas common phenomenon in weathered mountainous.. Occurs in large deposits that can be polished to a high luster these medicines are helpful to people suffer. This natural stone was being produced at 276 quarries, in 34 States and are common in certain of! Metamorphism will have very small calcite crystals explosions inside the crystal of the stone rock! Capable of taking a polish: After being sanded with progressively finer,... A mountainous wilderness foliated, although there are exceptions up more than 80 % of most! 10-50 % ), potassium feldspar, and sodium feldspar of geological in! Meaning `` marble-like and far from the Parthenon in Athens that are on display in limestone! ( protolith ) have typically been modified or destroyed paving and other projects a … marble is metamorphic... Earl of Elgin and marble. production of marble, this calcite recrystallizes and texture! Marble makes it useful for producing sculptures and ornamental objects, marble a... Color is very useful the best marble stocks come from the state of Vermont, which sometimes..., soapstone, vetrite and THIN porcelain soapstone, vetrite and THIN porcelain structures damaged!

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