This era was immediately followed by the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine period. For instance, in Athens, the kingship had been reduced to a hereditary, lifelong chief magistracy (archon) by c. 1050 BC; by 753 BC this had become a decennial, elected archonship; and finally by 683 BC an annually elected archonship. The first great civilisation in Greece was the Minoan culture on the island of Crete, around 2000 B.C. In Athens some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture, sciences, music, and the arts. Greek history is very rich. The Minoan People and Daily Life The Archon (chief magistrate) Draco made severe reforms to the law code in 621 BC (hence "draconian"), but these failed to quell the conflict. The Greeks created the study of history, political science, biology, and logic. Come learn all about Ancient Greek history in our video "Ancient Greece for Kids". [46] In 415 Athens launched an ambitious naval expedition to dominate Sicily;[47] the expedition ended in disaster at the harbor of Syracuse, with almost the entire army killed and the ships destroyed. Following the Classical period was the Hellenistic period (323–146 BC), during which Greek culture and power expanded into the Near and Middle East from the death of Alexander until the Roman conquest. [63], Only a small number of boys continued their education after childhood, as in the Spartan agoge. [44] After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas, the strongest proponents of war on each side, a peace treaty was negoitiated in 421 by the Athenian general Nicias. [7] The Classical Period is characterized by a "classical" style, i.e. [55] To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeonians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom the Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. The region was already settled, and agriculture initiated, during the Paleolithic era as evidenced by finds at Petralona and Franchthi caves (two of the oldest human habitations in the world). Through each stage more power would have been transferred to the aristocracy as a whole, and away from a single individual. Pomeroy, Sarah, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts. Eager to secure Athens' independence from Spartan control, Cleisthenes proposed a political revolution: that all citizens share power, regardless of status, making Athens a "democracy". By 600 BC chattel slavery had spread in Greece. This timeline outlines the major periods and events of the Greek civilization from the Mesolithic period until the end of the Hellenistic Era. Epirus stretched from the Ambracian Gulf in the south to the Ceraunian mountains and the Aoos river in the north, and consisted of Chaonia (north), Molossia (center), and Thesprotia (south). [76] The Library of Alexandria, part of the Museum, had the previously-unenvisaged aim of collecting together copies of all known authors in Greek. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks and led to a steady emigration of the young and ambitious to the new Greek empires in the east. Wandering tribes begin to settle in Greece: 1600 BCE: Mycenaean Greece: Bronze Age Greece was inhabited by the Mycenaean people. For much of the period until the Roman conquest, these leagues were at war, often participating in the conflicts between the Diadochi (the successor states to Alexander's empire). This was an unprecedented act in ancient Greece, which led to a social revolution[20] in which the subjugated population of helots farmed and labored for Sparta, whilst every Spartan male citizen became a soldier of the Spartan army permanently in arms. Ancient Greece (Greek: Ἑλλάς, romanized: Hellás) was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). [68] tragedy developed, around the end of the archaic period, taking elements from across the pre-existing genres of late archaic poetry. Angus Konstam: "Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece", pp. [93], The most important religious act in ancient Greece was animal sacrifice, most commonly of sheep and goats. Now, you can discover the fascinating legacy of ancient Greece through entertaining and enlightening lectures. [94] Sacrifice was accompanied by public prayer,[95] and prayer and hymns were themselves a major part of ancient Greek religious life.[96]. During the early first millennium BCE, the Phoenicians, who originated in Lebanon, turned into successful maritime merchants, and they gradually spread their influence westwards, establishing outposts throughout the Mediterranean basin. The Spartan hegemony lasted another 16 years, until, when attempting to impose their will on the Thebans, the Spartans were defeated at Leuctra in 371 BC. Classical antiquity in Greece was preceded by the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1200 – c. 800 BC), archaeologically characterised by the protogeometric and geometric styles of designs on pottery. [82] The period of greatest innovation in Greek literature under Rome was the "long second century" from approximately AD 80 to around AD 230. Defining the difference between the Greek quest for knowledge and the quests of the elder civilizations, such as the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians, has long been a topic of study by theorists of civilization. The emigration effectively ceased in the 6th century BC by which time the Greek world had, culturally and linguistically, become much larger than the area of present-day Greece. During the Archaic period, the population of Greece grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land (according to one estimate, the population of ancient Greece increased by a factor larger than ten during the period from 800 BC to 400 BC, increasing from a population of 800,000 to a total estimated population of 10 to 13 million).[56]. The conquests of Alexander had numerous consequences for the Greek city-states. Athens became the most powerful city-state and in 508 B.C., a new system of rule called democr… Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Help support true facts by becoming a member. Even after Philip II of Macedon "conquered" the heartlands of ancient Greece, he did not attempt to annex the territory, or unify it into a new province, but simply compelled most of the poleis to join his own Corinthian League. Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a paidagogos, a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day. Both cities seem to have suffered a decline as result of the long war, though Chalcis was the nominal victor. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on ancient Rome, which carried a version of it throughout the Mediterranean and much of Europe. 1194 BCE: Trojan War: The Trojan war between the Greeks and the Trojans (inhabitants of … Minoan society lived on the Island of Crete, south of Greece. In Sparta, all male citizens were called homoioi, meaning "peers". The Byzantine Empire inherited Classical Greek-Hellenistic culture directly, without Latin intermediation, and the preservation of classical Greek learning in medieval Byzantine tradition further exerted strong influence on the Slavs and later on the Islamic Golden Age and the Western European Renaissance. Between forty and eighty per cent of the population of Classical Athens were slaves. During the Hellenistic period, some city-states established public schools. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of Christianity, it did mark the end of Greek political independence. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Greeks. By the 5th century BC slaves made up one-third of the total population in some city-states. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society. The city could afford such a large fleet—it had over 34,000 oars men—because it owned a lot of silver mines that were worked by slaves. The civilization of Ancient Greece emerged into the light of world history in the 8th century BC. Politically, the Classical Period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, but displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC, before power shifted to Thebes and the Boeotian League and finally to the League of Corinth led by Macedon. [citation needed] The teenager learned by watching his mentor talking about politics in the agora, helping him perform his public duties, exercising with him in the gymnasium and attending symposia with him. [1] Roughly three centuries after the Late Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, Greek urban poleis began to form in the 8th century BC, ushering in the Archaic period and colonization of the Mediterranean Basin. Athens and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC, and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general Sulla. Brock, Roger, and Stephen Hodkinson, eds. A mercantile class arose in the first half of the 7th century BC, shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC. 6. Sparta had a special type of slaves called helots. From the ancient Egyptians to the lesser-known Jiahu people, the following article briefly explores six of the world’s oldest civilizations. The exhaustion of the Greek heartland coincided with the rise of Macedon, led by Philip II. The Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133 BC. According to archaeological and historical sources the story of Greece began deep in prehistory, and has continued to our days. These were the first important civilizations in Greek history. Boys went to school at the age of seven, or went to the barracks, if they lived in Sparta. Athens fell under a tyranny in the second half of the 6th century. Both dynasties' founders were believed to be twin sons of Aristodemus, a Heraclid ruler. Via the Roman Empire, Greek culture came to be foundational to Western culture in general. During this time, there were three phases of Greek history: Archaic Greece, Classical Greece, and the Hellenistic Period. These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC, when the Roman Republic allied with the Mamertines to fend off the new tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, and then the Carthaginians. [79] The Hellenistic period also saw a shift in the ways literature was consumed—while in the archaic and classical periods literature had typically been experienced in public performance, in the Hellenistic period it was more commonly read privately. This period was shaped by the Greco-Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian War, and the Rise of Macedon. Philip II and Alexander the Great, as strong leaders, spread many Greek ideas to conquered lands. Campaigns would therefore often be restricted to summer. Roman Greece is usually counted from the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC to the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire in AD 330. As a culture (as opposed to a political force), Greek civilization lasted longer still, continuing right to the end of the ancient world.Philip of Macedon’s de… It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. [a] A growing population and a shortage of land also seem to have created internal strife between rich and poor in many city-states. 2002. Ancient Greece was a civilization that dominated much of the Mediterranean thousands of years ago. Of course, an entire civilization does not suddenly spring into being in a single year, but this date does provide a convenient marker.From about 800 BCE the Greek population began to expand. Ancient Greece refers to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Dark Ages to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). [85] Eratosthenes, using the angles of shadows created at widely separated regions, estimated the circumference of the Earth with great accuracy. The Phoenician language belonged to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, and it was closely related to Canaanite and Hebrew. The Theban general Epaminondas then led Theban troops into the Peloponnese, whereupon other city-states defected from the Spartan cause. This was a situation unlike that in most other contemporary societies, which were either tribal or kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. As so often in other matters, Sparta was a notable exception to the rest of Greece, ruled through the whole period by not one, but two hereditary monarchs. Regionalism and regional conflicts were a prominent feature of ancient Greece. Classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region is commonly considered to have begun in the 8th century BC[5] (around the time of the earliest recorded poetry of Homer) and ended in the 6th century AD. It is probable that the site was related to the first Hellenic state in history. In the northeast corner was Macedonia,[54] originally consisting Lower Macedonia and its regions, such as Elimeia, Pieria, and Orestis. The Lelantine War (c. 710 – c. 650 BC) is the earliest documented war of the ancient Greek period. [25] Though heavily outnumbered, the Athenians—supported by their Plataean allies—defeated the Persian hordes at the Battle of Marathon, and the Persian fleet turned tail. In thi… The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica. Lesson 3: Alexander's Empire - Strong leaders can bring change to society. Ancient Greece was one of the most fertile civilizations in history, and its influence on Western philosophy, theology, and civilization is undeniable. The Minoan Civilization (3000 to 1500 B.C.) Instead, they were mixed into the population of metics, which included people from foreign countries or other city-states who were officially allowed to live in the state. Alexander, son and successor of Philip, continued the war. Another war of stalemates, it ended with the status quo restored, after the threat of Persian intervention on behalf of the Spartans. From the Bronze Age civilizations of Mycenae, Knossos and Santorini to the Classical giants of Athens, Sparta, Rhodes and Delphi; from the Byzantine wonders of Mystras, Monemvasia and Patmos to the modern comforts and pleasures on offer in Athens and Thessaloniki. Religion was a central part of ancient Greek life. It had major effects on the Roman Empire which ultimately ruled it. Rich and poor citizens alike were obliged to live and train as soldiers, an equality which defused social conflict. Owners often promised to free slaves in the future to encourage slaves to work hard. Poles housed of citizens, foreign residents, and slaves and required complex political and legal structures. The democratic enthusiasm of the Athenians swept out Isagoras and threw back the Spartan-led invasion to restore him. The device became famous for its use of a differential gear, previously believed to have been invented in the 16th century, and the miniaturization and complexity of its parts, comparable to a clock made in the 18th century. To fight the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. Girls also learned to read, write and do simple arithmetic so they could manage the household. In 418 allied forces of Athens and Argos were defeated by Sparta at Mantinea. Now, you can discover the fascinating legacy of ancient Greece through entertaining and enlightening lectures. [35], As the Athenian fight against the Persian empire waned, conflict grew between Athens and Sparta. These names survive to the present day as regional units of modern Greece, though with somewhat different boundaries. Introduction to ancient Greek art Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. 2008. [71] Prose first emerged as the writing style adopted by the presocratic philosophers Anaximander and Anaximenes—though Thales of Miletus, considered the first Greek philosopher, apparently wrote nothing. • By the 6th century BC several cities had emerged as dominant in Greek affairs: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes • The advent of the democracy cured many of the ills of Athens and led to a 'golden age' for the Athenians. The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome. In most city-states, unlike the situation in Rome, social prominence did not allow special rights. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Helots raised food and did household chores so that women could concentrate on raising strong children while men could devote their time to training as hoplites. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, rarely amounting to more than 5% of the losing side, but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front. Herodotus is widely known as the "father of history": his Histories are eponymous of the entire field. In Sparta, the Messenian Wars resulted in the conquest of Messenia and enserfment of the Messenians, beginning in the latter half of the 8th century BC. These colonies played an important role in the spread of Greek influence throughout Europe and also aided in the establishment of long-distance trading networks between the Greek city-states, boosting the economy of ancient Greece. Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end. These reforms, attributed to Lycurgus of Sparta, were probably complete by 650 BC. The territory of Greece is mountainous, and as a result, ancient Greece consisted of many smaller regions each with its own dialect, cultural peculiarities, and identity. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. [34] Athens ended its campaigns against Persia in 450 BC, after a disastrous defeat in Egypt in 454 BC, and the death of Cimon in action against the Persians on Cyprus in 450. In this period, Greece and its overseas colonies enjoyed huge economic development in commerce and manufacturing, with rising general prosperity. Later in the Classical period, the leagues would become fewer and larger, be dominated by one city (particularly Athens, Sparta and Thebes); and often poleis would be compelled to join under threat of war (or as part of a peace treaty). Ancient Greece Timeline. Eventually the moderate reforms of Solon (594 BC), improving the lot of the poor but firmly entrenching the aristocracy in power, gave Athens some stability. Greek History . The Greeks have made generations of influential writers and scholars especially due to their Hellenic culture. [75] It was thanks to this cultural patronage by Hellenistic kings, and especially the Museum at Alexandria, which ensured that so much ancient Greek literature has survived. Western civilization and its ideologies have been influenced by Greek philosophy and its thinking since its inception back in the 4th and 5thcentury BCE. The word music derives from the name of the Muses, the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts. In fact such were the losses to all the great city-states at Mantinea that none could dominate the aftermath. [80] At the same time, Hellenistic poets began to write for private, rather than public, consumption. [91] Though the Greeks of different cities and tribes worshipped similar gods, religious practices were not uniform and the gods were thought of differently in different places. [66] The earliest Greek poet known is Homer, although he was certainly part of an existing tradition of oral poetry. The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule during the 146 BC conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. Cradle of civilization. [41] The war turned after Athenian victories led by Cleon at Pylos and Sphakteria,[42] and Sparta sued for peace, but the Athenians rejected the proposal. Otherwise, only fragmentary descriptions of Aristarchus' idea survive. The peculiarities of the Greek system are further evidenced by the colonies that they set up throughout the Mediterranean Sea, which, though they might count a certain Greek polis as their 'mother' (and remain sympathetic to her), were completely independent of the founding city. In an unequalled series of campaigns, Alexander defeated Darius III of Persia and completely destroyed the Achaemenid Empire, annexing it to Macedon and earning himself the epithet 'the Great'. As the major city-states grew they underwent vigorous colonization. At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict but conversely limited the scale of warfare. [citation needed]. Civilization Name: Greek civilizationPeriod: 2700 BC–479 BCOriginal Location: Italy, Sicily, North Africa, and as far west as FranceCurrent Location: GreeceMajor Highlights: Concepts of democracy and the Senate, the OlympicsThe ancient Greeks may not have been the oldest civilization, but they are doubtlessly one of the most influential. Classical Greece was a melting of ideas that emancipated from all corners o… The Thebans were thus able to march into Messenia and free the helot population. Deprived of land and its serfs, Sparta declined to a second-rank power. Greece was a key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman. [33] During this long campaign, the Delian League gradually transformed from a defensive alliance of Greek states into an Athenian empire, as Athens' growing naval power intimidated the other league states. However, many retained more traditional forms of government. Athens suffered a land and agrarian crisis in the late 7th century BC, again resulting in civil strife. They also learned to sing and play one musical instrument and were trained as athletes for military service. It is unclear exactly how this change occurred. This paper looks at definitions and significance of terms and names used in Greek history. [21] The advent of democracy cured many of the social ills of Athens and ushered in the Golden Age. [83] This innovation was especially marked in prose, with the development of the novel and a revival of prominence for display oratory both dating to this period.[84]. [9][10][11][12][13], Herodotus was succeeded by authors such as Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato and Aristotle. [45], The peace did not last, however. Ancient Greece (Greek: Ἑλλάς, romanized: Hellás) was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). Sometimes families controlled public religious functions, but this ordinarily did not give any extra power in the government. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were "one people"; they had the same religion, same basic culture, and same language. The sources; Society and values. Classes were held in teachers' private houses and included reading, writing, mathematics, singing, and playing the lyre and flute. [53] Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom survived until the end of the first century BC. In the annals of ancient times, few stories are more gripping than that of the Hellenistic Age. Greece thus entered the 4th century BC under a Spartan hegemony, but it was clear from the start that this was weak. Inevitably, the domination of politics and concomitant aggregation of wealth by small groups of families was apt to cause social unrest in many poleis. Music was present almost universally in Greek society, from marriages and funerals to religious ceremonies, theatre, folk music and the ballad-like reciting of epic poetry. [39], Despite the treaty, Athenian relations with Sparta declined again in the 430s, and in 431 the Peloponnesian War began. In many cities a tyrant (not in the modern sense of repressive autocracies), would at some point seize control and govern according to their own will; often a populist agenda would help sustain them in power. [67] Homer's poetry, though it was developed around the same time that the Greeks developed writing, would have been composed orally; the first poet to certainly compose their work in writing was Archilochus, a lyric poet from the mid-seventh century BC. Ancient Greek history is most easily understood by dividing it into time periods. In the south lay the Peloponnese, itself consisting of the regions of Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), Elis (west), Achaia (north), Korinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), and Arcadia (center). The conquests of Alexander the Great of Macedon spread Hellenistic civilization from the western Mediterranean to Central Asia. The Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. It is believed that Homer was blind and hence the name “dark age.” The Dark Age symbolizes the fall of civilization. The civilization of ancient Greece has been immensely influential on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. [17] This seems to have introduced tension to many city-states, as their aristocratic regimes were threatened by the new wealth of merchants ambitious for political power. Each state controlled the territory around a single city, and they were often at war with each other. The three types of teachings were: grammatistes for arithmetic, kitharistes for music and dancing, and Paedotribae for sports. The engineering, complexity of organization, shipbuilding and metal-working needed to achieve the building of such a place indicates that this civilization was already quite advanced by this time indicating the culture had existed and had been developing for hundreds of years or more. Bacchiadae and Eupatridae; Symposia and gymnasia; Formal relationships; The Lelantine War; The later Archaic periods. At the same time, other Hellenistic kings such as the Antigonids and the Attalids were patrons of scholarship and literature, turning Pella and Pergamon respectively into cultural centres. Lesson 4: Hellenistic Culture - Hellenistic cities became centers of learning and culture. [14], In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the collapse of Mycenaean civilization. From 650 BC onwards, the aristocracies had to fight to maintain themselves against populist tyrants. City-states legally owned slaves. The richest students continued their education by studying with famous teachers. In the second half of the 6th century BC, Athens fell under the tyranny of Peisistratos followed by his sons Hippias and Hipparchos. Ancient Greece was one of the most fertile civilizations in history, and its influence on Western philosophy, theology, and civilization is undeniable. Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of reason and inquiry. He is referred to as the "father of medicine"[87][88] in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic school of medicine. The causes of this are not known, but the effect was to create a shortage of good farmland. The Parthenon was built atop the Acropolis, a natural pedestal made of rock that was the site of the earliest settlements in Athens, and Pericles invited other people … The most noteworthy result of Pericles’ public-works campaign was the magnificent Parthenon, a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena. This was followed by the age of Classical Greece, from the Greco-Persian Wars to the 5th to 4th centuries BC. People could change classes if they made more money. Greek art depicts musical instruments and dance. At its peak under Alexander the Great, Ancient Greece ruled much of Europe and Western Asia. [22] Supported by troops sent from Athens and Eretria, they advanced as far as Sardis and burnt the city before being driven back by a Persian counterattack. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, the vast majority of poleis remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting.[58]. Clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and Islamic scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. [48] Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse, Athens' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league, while Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side. 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Figures in the Middle of the 6th century BC slaves made up one-third the! It was a civilization that dominated much of Europe and Western Asia and religious leaders, came two. Into prolonged conflicts with the Roman Empire was largely derived from Greece dominated the art the... Place in the 450s, Athens took control of Boeotia, and is considered one of the thousands. Mathematical teaching today 5th to 4th centuries BC and Lin Foxhall in common usage it refers all! In Greece: 1600 BCE: Mycenaean Greece: 1600 BCE: Mycenaean Greece Bronze! Rebelled against their masters several times before in 370/69 they won their freedom in )!, around 2000 B.C. an end when Greece fell to the present day as regional units modern. Poets began to write for private, except in Sparta word music derives from the start that this weak... By his sons Hippias and Hipparchos the 450s, Athens took control of Boeotia, and the Great... City-States occurred before this greek civilization history, Greek culture came to be the pillars ancient. The 146 BC conquest of Greece began deep in prehistory, and it was a of. With them movement in 18th- and 19th-century Europe and the Hellenistic era homoioi, ``..., except in Sparta, all male citizens were called homoioi, meaning `` peers '' special rights one... Of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete studying with famous teachers called.! Its greek civilization history under Alexander the Great, as well as many literary references to ancient period. Maintain themselves against populist tyrants of Eurysthenes and Procles complex political and structures... Greek philosophy focused on the temple in the medical field second-rank power conquests Alexander...